Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) studies are flowering for a variety of applications: ultra-fast, high brilliance light sources as well as electron beams for cooling or colliding with ions in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab. The 500 GeV collider will require 20,000 superconducting cavities, each about one meter long, operating at 2 K. Recently an International Technology Recommendation Panel selected the superconducting option for the International Linear Collider.
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The X-ray Free Electron Laser at DESY will provide angstrom-wavelength beams of unprecedented brilliance. The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory switched to superconducting technology in 2000. The gradient of niobium cavities has more than tripled over the last decade, spurring new accelerators. Steady advances in science and technology are responsible for spectacular increases in performance since the large installations of CEBAF (Jefferson Lab) and LEP-II (CERN) during the 1990's. Superconducting cavities support beam currents above one ampere, and deliver up to 380 kW of beam power. Nearly one kilometer of superconducting cavities have been installed in accelerators to provide more than 5 gigavolts of acceleration. RF superconductivity has become an important technology for accelerators at the energy and luminosity frontiers as well as at the cutting edge of nuclear physics and basic materials science. The contract was placed for the 100 MeV Linac for a delivery summer 2004.
Insertion devices are being designed with the goal of serving a very large scientific community with high performances in an energy range as large as 5 eV to 18 keV with undulators.
The qualification of the 352 MHz super-conducting RF cavity prototype has been done on the ESRF ring. All the magnets have been designed and are in the last stage to be ordered. In order to provide a long lifetime (18 hours), and beam position stabilities in the micron range, significant attention was paid at each design stage (optics, magnets, beam position monitors, vacuum and RF systems.), including on the design of the building, the construction of which will start in summer 2003. The optics, with distributed dispersion, features a low 3.7 nmrad emittance at the 2.75 GeV operating energy, so as to provide high brilliance, from the VUV up to the hard X ray domain. The machine now consists in a 354 m circumference ring, with 16 DB cells and 24 straight sections. The construction phase of SOLEIL, the French third generation Synchrotron radiation Source has begun in January 2002 with the aim of starting Users operation in spring 2006. A few week points already identified at previous CERN tests were confirmed: high static cryogenic losses, poor cooling of one HOM coupler and too high fundamental power through the dipolar HOM couplers. The concept of effective HOM damping was validated up to the maximum ESRF intensity of 200 mA. This corresponds to the performance required for the first SOLEIL operation phase. Up to 170 mA of beam could be accelerated with a peak RF voltage of 3 MV and a power of 360 kW from the SC module. In this passive regime, they remained transparent to the beam with less than 100 W of heat deposited by the beam and evacuated by a warm helium gas flow. In order not to disturb the ESRF machine performance during the user mode of operation, the cavities were maintained detuned at room temperature.
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Four series of tests have been carried out at the end of scheduled shutdowns. In 2002, the prototype was installed in the ESRF storage ring and tested with beam in the accelerating regime with the cavities cooled down to 4.5 K by means of liquid helium from Dewars. A cryo-module housing two strongly HOM damped 352 MHz superconducting (SC) cavity cells has been developed within the framework of the SOLEIL project design phase.
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